the back of the tongue helps to produce __________ sounds.
/p/, /b/, /m/ and /w/ are produced with the help of __________.
the sounds produced with the help of the upper teeth are called __________ sounds.
the study of speech organs is important to know the nature of __________.
the organs that take part in production of speech sounds are called __________
the positional variants of the same phoneme are known as __________.
in english, [l] and [ɫ] are allophones of the phoneme /l/ because they occur in ___________________, i.e., they never appear in the same sound contexts. [l] always occurs before vowels (as in the word leaf, look), while [ɫ] comes after vowels and before consonants (as in the word feel, cold).
using the diacritics provided by the ipa, _____________ transcription captures as many aspects of a specific pronunciation as possible and makes very subtle distinctions between sounds.
/p/ and /b/ can appear in initial position (as in pin and bin) and also in final position (as in rope and robe)．they are in phonemic contrast and said to form a _______________ because they occur in the same environment and distinguish meaning.
like all languages in the world, english phonemes are also ided into vowels and consonants. the distinction between the two lies in the obstruction of __________.
the __________ pronunciation, or rp for short, is the instantly recognisable accent often described as ‘typically british’. it is defined in the concise oxford english dictionary as “the standard accent of english as spoken in the south of england”.
the vowel __________ can be described as low, front, and unrounded, but the feature “unrounded” is usually omitted because all front vowels in english are unrounded.
syllabically, although a diphthong is a combination of two vowel sounds, and the tongue glides in the production of it, it is perceived as one phoneme, not two. thus, diphthongs are treated as having one __________ only.
words such as fire /faɪə/, flour /flaʊə/, or loyal /lɔɪəl/ are considered by the native english speakers to have only one syllable, whereas higher /haɪə/ and player /pleɪə/ are more likely to be heard with disyllabic realizations because the third vowel is a __________.
in the production of a consonant sound, the air stream from the lungs meets no obstruction of any kind in the throat, the nose, or the mouth, while in the pronunciation of a vowel, the air stream from the lungs is obstructed in one way or another.
daniel jones worked out a set of cardinal vowels that students learning phonetics could be taught to produce, the aim of which is to give an approximate picture of the degree and direction of the tongue movement involved.
/i:/ and /ɪ/ are both high front vowels, but /i:/ is a bit lower and more forward than /ɪ/. in addition, /i:/ is tense in that the root of the tongue is more advanced than with /ɪ/, which is lax.
english diphthongs are ided into both falling diphthongs (the first vowel sound is pronounced longer, louder and stronger than the second one), and rising diphthongs (the second sound is produced longer and stronger than the first
if two adjacent vowel sounds occur in different syllables — for example, in the english word re-elect (/ˌri:ˈɪlekt/) — the result is described as hiatus not as a diphthong.
consonants are formed by interrupting, narrowing or erting the airflow in a variety of ways. there are three ways of classifying the english consonant sounds: __________ of articulation, manner of articulation and voicing.
when the letter n come before g or k, it is pronounced as /ŋ/ as in strong, bang, thank, drink. however, when g is followed by e or i, the letter n is read as /n/ as in strange, stranger, arrange, longitude because the letter g is pronounced as __________.
rp has two allophonic variants of /r/. one is retroflex [r], and the other is tapor flap [ɾ]. in the pronunciation of retroflex [r], the tongue curls backward and retroflexes at the __________.
the /r/ may be replaced by an alveolar tap [ɾ] in intervocalic positions (e.g. very, sorry, tomorrow) and in word-final /r/ __________ with an initial vowel (e.g. far away).
generally speaking, plosive sounds undergo three stages: the closing stage, the compression stage and the __________ stage.
the manner of articulation refers to the way in which the airstream is obstructed. for example, with plosive sounds, the articulation acts in such a way that the air is temporarily trapped, and then suddenly released.
generally speaking, the place and the manner of articulation are the two common features of any languages except the voicing, which is language specific. for example, voicing is a distinctive feature of mandarin chinese, whereas aspiration is the distinctive feature of english.
plosives occur when the airstream is blocked or stopped completely before its release. they are also known as stops because they involve the complete blockage of the airstream.
the sound /ŋ/ remains unchanged at the word boundaries where it is followed by a word beginning with a vowel sound as in bring it (/brɪŋɪt/) and sing us a song (/sɪŋəs ə sɒŋ/). however, in the case of adjectives, the adding of the suffixes –eror -est to the comparative and superlative degree of the words longer and longest has changed the pronunciation of /ŋ/ into /ŋɡ/.
within the class of approximants, lateral /l/ and retroflex /r/ are further distinguished from semi-vowels /j/ and /w/. this is because /j/ and /w/ are made without a restriction to the airflow. they are phonetically like consonants but phonologically like vowels.
the general distribution of rp consonants is that all consonants can occur at the initial position as singletons except /n/, and that all consonants can appear at the final position as singletons except /h, w, j, r/.
the dark [ɫ] has two types of distributions. one is in word-final position, after vowel, as in call and real, and also after vowel, before consonant, such as cold and help. the other is syllabic [ɫ̩]: e.g. little and table.
both ‘clear’ [l] and ‘dark’ [ɫ] are formed with the tip of the tongue touching the teeth ridge. the only difference is that in the articulation of the ‘clear’ [l], the back part of the tongue is raised towards the hard palate. in the articulation of the ‘dark’ [ɫ], the front part of the tongue is raised towards the soft palate and slightly velarised, with a concave upper surface.
within the class of approximants, lateral /l/ and retroflex /r/ are further distinguished from semi-vowels /j/ and /w/. this is because /j/ and /w/ are made without a restriction to the airflow. they are phonetically like consonants but phonologically like vowels.
affricates occur when a complete closure is made somewhere in the mouth, and the soft palate is raised. air pressure increases behind the closure, and is then released more slowly than in plosives.
the sound /ŋ/ remains unchanged at the word boundaries where it is followed by a word beginning with a vowel sound as in bring it (/brɪŋɪt/) and sing us a song (/sɪŋəs ə sɒŋ/). however, in the case of adjectives, the adding of the suffixes –eror -est to the comparative and superlative degree of the words longer and longest has changed the pronunciation of /ŋ/ into /ŋɡ/.
inaudible (incomplete) release of plosives refers to the process of articulation of a plosive is not complete. it has only two stages, namely, the closure and the compression, without the release.
generally speaking, the place and the manner of articulation are the two common features of any languages except the voicing, which is language specific. for example, voicing is a distinctive feature of mandarin chinese, whereas aspiration is the distinctive feature of english.
english diphthongs are ided into both falling diphthongs (the first vowel sound is pronounced longer, louder and stronger than the second one), and rising diphthongs (the second sound is produced longer and stronger than the first
if two adjacent vowel sounds occur in different syllables — for example, in the english word re-elect (/ˌri:ˈɪlekt/) — the result is described as hiatus not as a diphthong.
the minimum unit of speech is a syllable. syllables have a minimum of one (as in the word air /eə/), and a maximum of __________ structural parts (as in the word text /tekst/).
__________ consonants are consonants which form the nucleus of a syllable that does not contain a vowel.
in fact, the formation of syllabic consonants has much to do with the __________ principle, a term in auditory phonetics for the overall loudness of a sound relative to others of the same pitch, stress and duration.
the v and cv syllables are referred to as a/an __________ syllable because they end with a vowel.
statements of what sequences may or may not occur are called __________. the full description of such constraints is called phonotactics.
syllables are units of language, aller than a word but larger than a phoneme, and every language is said to have syllables.
phonological treatments of syllable structure usually call the first part of a syllable the onset, the middle part the nucleus and the end part the coda. the combination of nucleus and coda is called the rhyme.
a syllabic consonant is to be interpreted phonologically as /ə/ plus a consonant, but phonetically as the under-stroke [ ˌ ] combining vertical line below a consonant. thus, the word button is phonologically ['bʌtn̩] but phonetically /'bʌtən/.
not all english vowel phonemes can occur in the cv syllable pattern, but all can appear in the cvc pattern.
english has a complex system of consonant clusters, in which two or more consonants occur in sequence in onset or coda position.
__________ stress is the relative degree of force given to a certain syllable in a word of more than one syllable when it is pronounced in isolation, as if quoted from a dictionary.
stressed syllables bear four physiological properties: loudness, vowel duration, pitch and vowel __________.
__________, on the whole, do not have much effect on the placement of the base or root element.
there are two types of -ing noun combinations. for one type, the -ing form serves as a modifier of the noun and expresses the purpose of the noun; for instance, dining-room means the room for dining. in such circumstances, the word stress always falls on the ___________ element.
some words in english are shown in dictionaries as having three levels of stress: primary, secondary, unstressed or weak.
in every lexical word, and in some grammatical words, one syllable is identified as having primary stress, though in monosyllables the stress is not generally marked.
word stress is the framework upon which sentence stress and intonation contour is built.
the pitch movement is associated with secondary stress, but not with primary stress.
the major stress on two-syllable words is more likely to fall on the second syllable if the word is a noun or an adjective, and on the first syllable if the word is a verb.
stressed syllables bear four physiological properties: loudness, vowel duration, pitch and vowel __________.
in fact, the formation of syllabic consonants has much to do with the __________ principle, a term in auditory phonetics for the overall loudness of a sound relative to others of the same pitch, stress and duration.
in english, [l] and [ɫ] are allophones of the phoneme /l/ because they occur in ___________________, i.e., they never appear in the same sound contexts. [l] always occurs before vowels (as in the word leaf, look), while [ɫ] comes after vowels and before consonants (as in the word feel, cold).
the __________ pronunciation, or rp for short, is the instantly recognisable accent often described as ‘typically british’. it is defined in the concise oxford english dictionary as “the standard accent of english as spoken in the south of england”.
stress is being used in a more general way. it refers to the syllable that receives lexical stress. __________, on the other hand, is being used in a more specific way. it is a place where a tonal marker will fall on the lexically stressed syllable.
in more than three-syllable words, if the primary stress falls on the third syllable or later, the secondary stress are usually marked on one of the preceding syllables, for example, introduction / /ɪntrədʌkʃn/ and education /eʤukeɪʃn/.
word stress in english is not as predictable as it is in other languages, and therefore, the stress placement in english words is not rule-governe
phonological treatments of syllable structure usually call the first part of a syllable the onset, the middle part the nucleus and the end part the cod the combination of nucleus and coda is called the rhyme.
not all english vowel phonemes can occur in the cv syllable pattern, but all can appear in the cvc pattern.
in coda position, the maximum number of clusters is four. many clusters of two or three and virtually all cluster of four are the result of adding a plural /s, z/ or a past tense /t, d/ inflection to a stem ending in two or three consonants
the notion of rhythm comes from the unstressed syllables. word and sentence stress combine to create the rhythm of an english utterance.
just as in music, spoken english moves in regular, rhythmic beats from stress to stress – irrespective of how many unstressed syllables fall in between.
a rhythm group contains more than one stressed syllable, together with unstressed syllables clustering about it or none.
any unstressed syllables that may come before the first rhythm group do not belong to any stress-group. they are the strong beat and are read as quickly as possible.
chinese learners of english are likely to assign equal weight to each syllable, regardless of whether the syllable is stressed or unstressed.
the epenthesis (or insertion) of glides [j, w] occurs because they are the least marked epenthetic consonants in hiatus position.
a non-rhotic speaker will pronounce words like far as /fɑːr/, whereas a rhotic speaker does not pronounce [r] at all unless followed by a vowel.
for rhotic speakers [r] is pronounced just because far has an [r] in it, but for non-rhotic speakers [r] appears in far away because the first word ends with a vowel and the second word begins with a vowel, namely, the [r] links the two words together.
vowels which trigger [r]-insertion never trigger [j]-insertion or [w]-insertion. each glide has its own domain, although the domains exempt short stressed vowels /e, æ, ɒ, ʊ, ʌ/, which never occur word-finally in english.
generally speaking, the assimilation involves both vowels and consonants, particularly across word boundaries, but within words too.
english intonation has three systemic features: tonality, tonicity and tone.
a public speaker tends to pause less frequently to make their message clearer or more emphatic. by contrast, if the speaker is communicating urgency, he may contain more breaks.
no matter in spontaneous conversation or in material read aloud, the speaker must pause at a proper place where it makes sense because the intonation phrase boundary may act to differentiate between two possible meanings.
the nucleus, also known as nuclear syllable or tonic syllable, the syllable that bears the nuclear tone (a fall, rise, fall-rise or rise-fall).
accent has potentiality for stress. it involves how a prominence is supposed to be made, while stress refers to why a prominence is placed in a certain position of an intonation phrase.
pragmatic reasons for deaccenting the ‘last content word’ involve old or repeated information, namely, words express known or given information.
some words have little meaning of their own. their meaning can be inferred from certain context. such words are usually not accented even though they are the last content words.
when every part of an intonation phrase is brought into focus, we have narrow focus. if we focus only on one particular part, we have broad focus.
a fall may indicate definiteness, a rise may suggest some implications, and a fall-rise may imply incompleteness.
in sentence non-final position the difference in tone meaning between low rise, high rise, fall-rise or mid level tone varieties is not great. sometimes speakers just seem to ring the changes between them to avoid repetition.
if there are syllable following the nucleus (i.e. the tail), the rising pitch movement does not happen wholly on the nuclear syllable, as in the case of a fall. rather, the syllable or syllables of the tail will continue to move upwards from the pitch of the nuclear syllable.
the pitch movement for a fall, either high or low, is all in one direction, namely downwards. often there are syllables after the nucleus, a tail. after a falling nucleus, the tail is always high.
in a complex low level head, there is no upward movement in the head. the onset and all the remaining syllables of the head are uttered on a low pitch.
a simple head is one that contains only one stressed syllable, while a complex heads contains two or more stressed syllables.
the head does not necessarily consist of a complete word. they are usually spoken with a fairly low level pitch.
by definition, the prehead contains no stressed syllables, but occasionally, prehead may include a syllable that is lexically stressed but that the speaker chooses not to stress.
the prehead does not necessarily consist of a complete word. they are usually spoken with a fairly high level pitch.
the relative height of the pitch range will depend on the frequency of vibration of the vocal cords: the higher the frequency of vibration, the lower the pitch.
although every ip contains a nucleus, not all ips contain a prehead, head or a tail.
a complete ip, according to john wells (2006), consists of four constituent elements, namely, the prehead, the head, the nucleus and the tail.
if you're looking to boost customer satisfaction, one of the most promising places to start is____________.
it is believed that increased satisfaction has a (an) ____impact on consumer spending, cash flow, and business performance.
problems with service had a much______ than problems with the products themselves on customers’ likelihood to recommend a brand.
customer service calls involve direct interaction between ______.
one possibility she is seriously considering is to introduce a line of sorbets based on exotic fruits like kiwi and mango and that use low-calorie sweeteners. what does the underlined word "exotic" probably mean?
the stakes are high. what does the underlined word " stakes " probably mean?
overall, ice cream sales in the u.s.have declined 1 to 2 percent in recent years, except for haagen-dazs and a few other super premium producers.
the decline in sales growth of super premium ice cream in the u.s. since the early 1990s is due to competition among ice cream producers.
frozen yogurt sales have declined rapidly for a long time because many people didn’t like the tart taste.
“dessert junkies” are those people with yearning for low-fat frozen yogurt and low-fat ice cream.
the retail price of haagen-dazs is quite high when compared with other premium ice cream.
many consumers believe that low fat mean low calorie.
as people notice consistent quality differences, customers’ attitudes improve or deteriorate quite quickly.
americans nowadays prefer low-fat ice creams rather than rich taste ice cream.
the price in an export sales contract should be quoted in __________ .
the term “______ exports of goods” means the trade value of exports which “have been adjusted for price changes".
normally, a typical ____________ follows the pattern of prosperity, recession, depression, and recovery.
“制造业是主要的受益者。” the underlined expression “受益者” is ________ in english.
securities are stocks, shares, bonds, or other certificates that you buy in order to earn regular interest from them or to sell them later for a profit. the chinese version for “securities” is _________.
the year 1978 ________ the reform and opening-up in china.
the global credit markets see little risk in lending, suggesting a climate that will accommodate borrowing. "accommodate" here means _________.
international trade is the exchange of goods and merchandise across international boundaries or territories.
few nations of the world have the raw materials, climate, technology, and skilled labor needed to produce all the goods and services they may desire.
attention to exports outweighs that to imports in america.
devaluation of the us dollar makes the prices of foreign currencies and products less expensive to americans.
the three pillars of u.s. economic growth this year have been housing construction, business outlays for new buildings and equipment, and exports.
according to the case-study reading, the strong growth in economies overseas is not driven by their exports to america but by their own domestic demand.
and the timing is especially favorable when the u.s. exporters can use the extra support of globalization.
european countries together with japan account for about half of all u.s. exports.
you shouldn't the exercise equipment while others are waiting to use it.
the museum is annually by funds from several major corporations.
when parents of marginalized, poor students try to around the harsh rules and requirements, they are often investigated, tried, and punished with strict prejudice.
the economy slumped, nascar struggled to find ways to keep its long races interesting, and some of the sport's more stars began moving to the sidelines.
the proposal to establish a joint venture was accepted with ______ approval.
if you pay by credit card, you have to _____ the transaction by signing a pay slip.
when an employee is aware that his expertise and experiences are appreciated by his company and his fellow workers, he is able to _____ even more closely with the company.
the yen _______ yesterday, falling from $114 to $115 against the dollar.
the exporter didn't receive payment for his goods because the buyer ______.
凭借先进的生产技术，他们得以占据竞争优势。the underlined phrase “竞争优势” is ________ in english.
choice and migration of position have reflected enterprise's dynamic resource distribution idea and the goal of maximized value in long-term. in chinese, resource distribution is _________.
monopoly means that a monopolistic activity or right that is concentrated in a certain sphere.
the monopolies in area of energy are benign, and so it's unnecessary for the government to eliminate them.
the mistake of ibm, a compe of microsoft, was that it licensed at “microsoft” the primitive operating system and did not stipulate for own exclusive rights.
the most obvious solution to monopoly would be the diemberment.
if a company continues to support fully funded pension plans, which category will it likely fall into?
soft returns delivered by an effective benefits program include a sense of meeting obligations and goodwill and ?
which statements best describes the company that spends more money to fund its benefits programs than its compes?
employee benefits represent an investment from which companies derive value, and it should be managed in line with an overall business strategy rather than written off as an .
a (an) is a fixed or variable sum of that a company pays to its sales force, in an attempt to motivate personnel and spur revenues.
survey participants their approach to employee benefits into one of four profiles.
长期不遗余力地致力于全额资助退休金计划的企业很可能属于这个种类。 the underlined phrase “退休金计划” is ________ in english.
to create a benefits package that delivers soft and hard returns to employees, a corporate requires a paradigm shift in such areas as .
the ways that employers can use to address the financial security of employees include .
employees that place a heavy emphasis on the and of their benefits programs and regard them as key competitive differentiators are characterized as progressive.
smaller businesses with just one or two locations and those in the manufacturing industry that employ a high proportion of hourly workers are two types of employers that frequently fit the standard profile.
a holistic approach to employee benefits contributes to employee engagement and satisfaction.
according to metlife’s study, 82% of emploees believe work/life programs would improve retention.
the most critical step in establishing a high-quality benefits experience is effective communication.
many apps can streamline and make your travels easier as well as save you money on flights and hotels. here the underlined word "streamline" means _________.
experts agree that _________ are the crucial factor in compelling presentations.
whic one is not the characteristic of communication __________ according to the definition of communication:
what is the most important skill that the employers seek according to the survey reported by forbes magazine in 2015 ____________.
what is the benefit of speaking slowly? ___________ .
which of the following non-verbal behavior is the most important in a presentation according to anderson in the additional reading material?_________
we always do thorough market research before we price our product so that our price would be proper for our target customers and competitive in the market. in chinese, the underlined word “price” is _________.
which of the following statements is/are true of slides?___________
being nervous in a presentation ___________.
noise in the communication process model can be both external and internal. which of the following is/are example(s) of internal noise?_______.
there are ten components in the communication process model, i.e., sender, encoding, message, channel, decoding, receiver, response, feedback, noise and context.
there are two kinds of noises: the external and internal noise.
the context does not matter in the communication process as long as the message is passed on to the receiver successfully.
customer base are the group of customers who repeatedly purchase the goods or services of the business.
product lines are usually created by a company as a marketing strategy to attract new customers to buy a brand.
the sales of a particular company in a market, expressed as a percentage of the total sales is called .
online chat is a way of communicating by sending text messages to people in the same chat-room real-time.
which one is not the reason that some people think it convenient to shop online?
the online stores
e-commerce has witnessed a growth all over the world these years.
letters are usually delivered by a postman whereas e-mails are sent through .
the popular chinese name for a search engine is
to snag new customers and keep the old ones remembering you vividly, seriously plan to launch a newsletter, and send it to all prospects and customers on a basis.
users can transfer data from a computer an iphone with a click of the mouse.
if you plan to collect sensitive from your customers, you should use security systems like ssl.
which of the following statements is true?
there is a wide variety of products available to buy on the internet. there are lots of bargains in shops in the run up to different festivals to encourage people of shopping online to spend more money.
the more popular internet shopping becomes, the more people worry about the security.
amazon is criticized for alienating suppliers, content partners and publishers while alibaba have a different focus. alibaba helps all businesses, which makes it stand in stark contrast to amazon.
下列关于多元函数连续、偏导及可微说确的是（ ）
设u=cos(xy),则du=( ).
关于命令窗，以下描述不正确的是
关于变量的命名规则，以下描述不正确的是
下面哪种方法不能创建一维数组？
用直接输入法创建二维数组（矩阵），以下哪种描述不正确？
关于二维数组中元素的提取，以下哪种描述不正确？
矩阵a、b进行运算，下面哪种运算是不正确的？
关于矩阵的关系运算和逻辑运算，以下描述不正确的是
对以下命令的描述不正确的是
对于矩阵a=[2 0 4;1 3 5;6 9 8]，以下结果或描述不正确的是
对于方阵a，以下结果或描述不正确的是
关于二维曲线绘制，以下描述不正确的是
在0~4p区间绘制y=5cos(10t p/3)关系曲线，下述哪个程序正确?
关于绘图的一些辅助操作，以下描述不正确的是
关于多子图绘制命令subplot(m,n,p)，以下说确的是
图形可以在图形窗进行直接编辑，以下说法不正确的是
关于三维数据可视化，以下说法不正确的是
关于m文件，以下说法不正确的是
以下程序不正确的是
对于下面一段程序，对其描述不正确的是 s1=0； for m=1:3:999； s1=s1 m； end s1